I’ve seen a
lot of people arguing about the political leaning of Captain America . And
after reading various texts and articles throughout the web, I finally have
concluded: Captain America
is conservative. Why? Well, before answer that question, I think we must begin
by the definition of the central concepts: what does it mean to be “liberal” (in American sense of the word)? What does it mean to be “conservative” (when such word
is used inside United States
of America )? – as David Hume wrote in his Enquiry concerning human understanding, when “a controversy has been long kept on foot,
and remains still undecided, we may presume that there is some ambiguity in the
expression, and that the disputants affix different ideas to the terms employed
in the controversy”.
If by
“conservative” we understand a jingoistic attitude, a blind optimistic
nationalism, an egotistical obsession by the protection of own money and
patrimony as if “freedom” had only an economical extension, a fanatical
individualism, and the opinion according which the authority of government and the
safety is more important than freedom, so I must say: Captain America is not
conservative. But none of those qualifications can be considered a definition of
true conservatism. Conservatism is not pure individualism:
“True
Conservatism, conservatism uninfected by Benthamite or Spencerian ideas, rises
at the antipodes from individualism. Individualism is social atomism;
conservatism is community of spirit” (KIRK, 2001, p. 242) [1].
The image
of conservative as simply the rich capitalist is a caricature:
“In America an
impression began to rise that the new industrial and acquisitive interests are
the conservative interest, that conservatism is simply a political argument in
defense of large accumulations of private property, that expansion,
centralization, and accumulation are the tenets of conservatives. From this
confusion, from the popular belief that Hamilton
was the founder of American conservatism, the forces of tradition in the United States
never have fully escaped” (KIRK, 2001, p. 229).
According
to Russell Kirk – maybe the greatest expert on American and English conservatism
in all the world – the first founder of true conservatism in America was John
Adams (p. 71) whose “primary concerns” were “private and public virtues” (p.
99). Conservatism is much more about morals than economical issues. That’s the
reason why true conservatism has as greatest feature the belief in a moral
transcendent order, which is independent of individual subjective opinions and momentary
preferences. Such moral order is gradually revealed only through the concrete and
reiterated experience; such kind of experience receives the name of “tradition”.
That’s the reason why a true conservative is always an uncompromising defender
of traditions and moral principles, "the permanent things", such as equal justice – or equality before
God and courts of law, which is completely different from equality of condition
and economical levelling – personal
freedom, private property, and recognition of own individuality (the last two
are closely linked with freedom) .
Such
rigidness which characterizes the conservative mind contrasts the progressive
or liberal mind. For the american progressive or liberal – they mean the same
in United States
– the world must change according the new exigencies of the social and
economical circumstances. That’s the reason why Bentham’s and Mill’s english
utilitarianism is almost the complete synonym of american liberalism: because
they share the belief that nothing but the satisfaction of the majority can be
sacred. Because of that, they – American liberals and English utilitarians –
must be progressives: as long as the opinions and moods always change, so the
laws and moral principles which rule the society must be changed as well –
except, of course, the principle of general utility or majority happiness. There’s
no object of spiritual devotion here, except the general happiness itself.
I think now
it is clear for the reader – who knows something about Captain America – in
which side of american political spectrum we can put our star spangled
hero. The Captain is a traditionalist
whose concept represents a man entirely devoted to those principles on which
America was originally created. He doesn’t represent the American government
transitory policies; he doesn’t represent this or that party; these or those groups
of interest. He only represents the American principles and the American
traditions. Nothing less, nothing more. As Frank Miller said before[2],
Captain America
is “a wonder anachronism”. This means: he’s always standing for those principles
and traditions which make what America really is in its core and essence, but
which is always threatened by new transitory desires of novelties from naive
people or radical governments. Captain America is the tradition itself when it
is standing against radical progress. And such posture incorporates the truest
meaning of conservatism. Besides, the modern American liberals uphold firstly economic equality - although I believe they do not support socialism - while the conservatives, since Edmund Burke in England and John Adams in USA, support firstly personal freedom. And Captain America is not the "Sentinel of Equality", but the "Sentinel of Liberty".
I think the
most emblematic instance of that conservative attitude is the Civil War story (2006), written by Mark
Millar. What makes Civil War a good
example is the fact that it is explicitly political. Civil War begins when American
government promotes a radical change
in legislation: it creates a “superhuman registration act”, according which the
superheroes must act under official regulation, as long as they’re considered
“living weapons of mass destruction”. The new law converted them in something
akin to police officers. One dangerous and abusive effect of such law is the
legal obligation of revealing the secret identities. The heroes who don’t obey
the new law, are punished as criminals. Captain America leads an anti-registration
group because he disagrees with the new law, basically arguing that it is
against liberty and that “masked heroes have been a part of this country for as
long as anyone can remember”. Therefore, according to Captain America , the
new law violates the American traditions. On the other hand, the hero Iron Man, who supports the radical new law, is the reformer or progressive here. Civil War shows us another aspect of liberal thought: it is based on what I would like to call "bad induction" as long as the enthusiastic desire of novelties comes sometimes from an unique happening (here, the tragedy in Stamford). On the other hand, the conservative thought is based on "good induction", as long as the traditions are made up by very long and reiterated experience. Some people interpreted Civil War as
a parable for the gun control problem, where Captain America would represent the
conservative side against the gun control and supporting the personal freedom
and personal responsibility, and traditions. I think it is a good
interpretation.
I’ve seen
some people saying that Captain America would be a liberal because he was
created during Franklin Roosevelt’s New Deal times, and so he would be a
Democrat; that Steve Rogers grew up in Brooklyn and became an artist, and
artists during that time were in general left-wingers and Democrats; and so on
[3]. I think such arguments are logically vicious as long as they are based in
generalizations and real-life assumptions. Besides, the character Captain America – so
far as I know – never spoke in defense or favored any real political party, as
the Republican Party or Democratic Party. The reason why he was never interpreted
as a political party follower is because his concept is that of a man who
represents the America, and not some partisan interest. When Captain America was created by Simon and Kirby, there
was no serious political division inside United States of America . The
internal problems in national economy were left aside because all the Americans
had a common enemy: the National Socialist Party in Germany and its followers. America
was never so united, except in its own Independence War. The legal and
economical battles between Republicans and Democrats inside USA were left aside
for the battle between the principles of freedom and nazi authority in
international field. Therefore, Captain America is the product of the
Second World War, and not of New Deal ideology [4].
Besides, the political parties as well their members are historically very shifting about their own political leanings, and the public itself in United States is always changing its own concepts about what does it mean to be "conservative" and "liberal". Franklin Roosevelt`s Foreign (interventionist) Policy could be considered "liberal" in 40`s, but today it would be easily called "conservative". In 18. century, Hamilton`s federalism was considered "conservative"; today, it seems much more "liberal"; and so on. That`s the reason why we can see so much people defending "liberal" ideas which are, in reality, conservative ideas, and conversely, so much people who imagine themselves as "conservatives", when they`re publically defending liberal conceptions [5].
On the other hand, I tried (predominantly based on Kirk`s work) throught this article to give an universal (and very abstract) concept about "American conservatism" and "American liberalism". The first means an uncompromsing attitude toward principles and fidelity to traditions; the second means compromissing attitude and progressive actions, always searching the circunstancial welfare and happiness of society. Anyway, in United States of America even some liberal people has a very traditionalist or conservative leaning because such people respect tha Federal Constitution - called by Kirk "the most sagacious conservative document in political history" - and supports traditional means of change, such as the parliamentary dialog and non-violent protests (that is, they can be progressives about the changes, but not about the means). (Therefore, it is very hard to find, at least in USA, people who are "pure" liberals or "pure" conservatives - as even conservatives sometimes can desire some kind of reform as well). In other countries which are much more radicals and progressives, the Constitutions mean something akin to mere pieces of paper [6].
Besides, the political parties as well their members are historically very shifting about their own political leanings, and the public itself in United States is always changing its own concepts about what does it mean to be "conservative" and "liberal". Franklin Roosevelt`s Foreign (interventionist) Policy could be considered "liberal" in 40`s, but today it would be easily called "conservative". In 18. century, Hamilton`s federalism was considered "conservative"; today, it seems much more "liberal"; and so on. That`s the reason why we can see so much people defending "liberal" ideas which are, in reality, conservative ideas, and conversely, so much people who imagine themselves as "conservatives", when they`re publically defending liberal conceptions [5].
On the other hand, I tried (predominantly based on Kirk`s work) throught this article to give an universal (and very abstract) concept about "American conservatism" and "American liberalism". The first means an uncompromsing attitude toward principles and fidelity to traditions; the second means compromissing attitude and progressive actions, always searching the circunstancial welfare and happiness of society. Anyway, in United States of America even some liberal people has a very traditionalist or conservative leaning because such people respect tha Federal Constitution - called by Kirk "the most sagacious conservative document in political history" - and supports traditional means of change, such as the parliamentary dialog and non-violent protests (that is, they can be progressives about the changes, but not about the means). (Therefore, it is very hard to find, at least in USA, people who are "pure" liberals or "pure" conservatives - as even conservatives sometimes can desire some kind of reform as well). In other countries which are much more radicals and progressives, the Constitutions mean something akin to mere pieces of paper [6].
A good
instance of how Captain America
doesn’t represent political parties, but simply traditional principles, is the
classic Captain America #260
(1980), produced by Roger Stern and John Byrne. In that story, Captain America rejects the candidacy for US presidency,
because as a politician he would be “ready to negotiate, to compromise”, but
his duty is preserving “the dream”. In other words, Captain America could
never put in relativism the “dream” – the American principles or the original
project from the founder fathers – through the negotiating and compromising
which is an essential part of political activity [7].
Therefore,
when I say Captain America
is conservative, I’m not affirming that Captain America is a supporter of any
political party which by now is considered “conservative”, such as Republican
Party, or supporter of any “conservative” movement, such as Tea Party. Such affirmative would be so incorrect as to say he’s a liberal because he would be a Democrat.
Captain America could never
represent a particular political party, because he doesn’t represent particular
interests, but America
principles and traditions. Because of his fidelity and uncompromising attitude
toward those principles and traditions, Captain America can be easily considered a
conservative.
[1] KIRK, Russel. The
conservative mind. Seventh revised edition by Regnery Publishing.
[2]
[4] I know
when the first Captain America
issue was published, USA
was not directly at war. But the plot was already about the battle against nazi
Germany, and not some kind of New Deal proselytism.
[6] I can take my own country - Brazil - for instance. In Brazil, we have had 9 different Constitutions since 1822. Brazil is always trying to change... As a reflexion of political instability in Brazil - because of the absence of truly conservative ideas - we have political parties which represent all sort of interests and ideologies, from classical liberalism until marxism. For the most people who lives in countries as Brazil, the difference between liberals and conservatives in United States seems to be almost totally absent.
[7] I think Mark Gruenwald`s long run on Captain America title is another excellent example of Steve Rogers unbreakable morality as well his uncompromising attitude toward political issues.
[5] Therefore, it cannot be a surprise that Captain America co-criator, Joe Simon, who supported american interventionism at Second World War, supported George W. Bush and the war in Iraq and Afghanistan after the 9/11 attacks (see http://www.salon.com/2011/07/19/captain_america_politics/). In 40`s that was a "liberal"attitude; today, it is a "conservative" atittude. So I ask you: is Joe Simon "liberal" or "conservative"?
[6] I can take my own country - Brazil - for instance. In Brazil, we have had 9 different Constitutions since 1822. Brazil is always trying to change... As a reflexion of political instability in Brazil - because of the absence of truly conservative ideas - we have political parties which represent all sort of interests and ideologies, from classical liberalism until marxism. For the most people who lives in countries as Brazil, the difference between liberals and conservatives in United States seems to be almost totally absent.
[7] I think Mark Gruenwald`s long run on Captain America title is another excellent example of Steve Rogers unbreakable morality as well his uncompromising attitude toward political issues.